Үнэгүй · Бүх хүнд нээлттэй

Англи хэлний дүрмийн гарын авлага

English Grammar Handbook

14 бүлэг дүрэм, хүснэгт, түгээмэл алдаа, дасгал ба хариу. Тайлбар монгол хэлээр, жишээ англи хэлээр.

Түвшин A2 – B214 бүлэг + 2 хавсралтБүртгэл шаардлагагүй
☰ Агуулга (бүлгүүд) •Энэ номыг хэрхэн ашиглах вэ 1Артикль 2Нэр үг 3Төлөөний нэр ба тоо хэмжээний үг 4Тэмдэг нэр ба дайвар үг 5Тооны нэр 6be, have, do ба баймж үйл үг 7Үйл үгийн цагууд 8Үйлдэгдэх хэв 9Нөхцөлт өгүүлбэр ба хүслийн илэрхийлэл 10Шууд бус яриа ба цаг зохицох ёс 11Инфинитив, герунд, нөхцөлт үйл үг 12Тусах ба эс тусах үйл үг, хэлц үйл үг 13Угтвар үг 14Холбоос үг ба өгүүлбэрийн бүтэц АДүрмийн бус үйл үг БДүрмийн нэр томьёоны толь

Энэ номыг хэрхэн ашиглах вэ

Энэхүү гарын авлага нь англи хэлний бүх гол дүрмийг суралцагчдад ойлгомжтой байхаар 14 бүлэгт хураангуйлсан. Бүлэг бүр ижил бүтэцтэй:

Хэсэг Юу агуулсан бэ
Энэ бүлгээс юу сурах вэ? Бүлгийн 3 гол зорилго
Дүрэм Тайлбар, хүснэгт, жишээ (монгол орчуулгатай)
Түгээмэл алдаанууд Монгол суралцагчдын хамгийн их гаргадаг алдаа ба засвар
Дасгал ажил Бүлэг тус бүрт 1–3 дасгал, хариу нь дасгалын доор

Суралцах дараалал (санал болгох)

  • Үндэс (1–6-р бүлэг): артикль, нэр үг, төлөөний нэр, тэмдэг нэр, дайвар үг, тоо, модаль үйл үг

  • Цаг ба хэв (7–8-р бүлэг): 12 цаг, үйлдэгдэх хэв

  • Нийлмэл өгүүлбэр (9–10, 14-р бүлэг): нөхцөлт өгүүлбэр, шууд бус яриа, холбоос үг

  • Үйл үгийн хэлбэр (11–13-р бүлэг): инфинитив, герунд, хэлц үйл үг, угтвар үг

Нэг бүлгийг 1–2 хичээлд судалж, дасгалыг гүйцэтгэсний дараа хариутай жишиж шалгана уу. Хавсралт А-д дүрмийн бус үйл үгийн жагсаалт, Хавсралт Б-д нэр томьёоны толь байна.

1-р бүлэг

Артикль

Articles: a / an / the / zero

Англи хэлэнд нэр үгийн өмнө артикль (ялгац гишүүн) тавьдаг. Монгол хэлэнд артикль байдаггүй тул энэ сэдэв суралцагчдад хамгийн их алдаа гаргуулдаг. Гол асуулт нь: Ярьж буй хүн болон сонсогч хоёр аль зүйлийг хэлж байгааг мэдэж байна уу?

Артикль Хэзээ хэрэглэх Жишээ
a / an Тоологдох нэр үгийн ганц тоо, анх удаа дурдаж байгаа, тодорхойгүй I have a dog. — Надад нохой бий.
the Хоёулаа мэддэг, өмнө дурдсан, цорын ганц зүйл The dog is brown. — (Тэр) нохой хүрэн.
– (артикльгүй) Олон тоо ба тоологдохгүй нэрийг ерөнхий утгаар хэлэх; хүн, хотын нэр Dogs are loyal. — Нохой үнэнч байдаг.

1.1 a ба an

a нь гийгүүлэгчийн дуудлагаар эхэлсэн үгийн өмнө, an нь эгшгийн дуудлагаар эхэлсэн үгийн өмнө орно. Үсэг биш, дуудлага чухал.

  • a book, a university [juː], a European, a one-day trip — ном, их сургууль, европ хүн, нэг өдрийн аялал

  • an apple, an hour [aʊə], an honest man, an MP3 player — алим, нэг цаг, үнэнч хүн, MP3 тоглуулагч

a / an хэрэглэх тохиолдол:

  • Анх дурдаж буй зүйл: I saw a film yesterday.

  • Мэргэжил, үндэс, шашин: She is a doctor. He is an engineer.

  • Давтамж, үнэ, хурд (тутамд): twice a week, 50 km an hour

  • such, quite, rather, what-ийн дараа: such a good idea, What a beautiful day!

  • Тоо хэмжээ: a hundred, a thousand, a couple of, half an hour

1.2 the

  • Өмнө дурдсан зүйл: I bought a bag. The bag is red.

  • Орчлонд ганц зүйл: the sun, the moon, the Earth, the Internet

  • Дэд зэрэг ба дэс тоо: the best student, the first lesson

  • Далай, гол, нуруу, цөл, арлууд: the Pacific, the Orkhon, the Altai Mountains, the Gobi Desert

  • Олон тоотой, republic / kingdom / union / states гэсэн үгтэй улс: the Netherlands, the United States, the Russian Federation

  • Тодорхой бүлэг хүн: the rich, the young, the English

  • Хөгжмийн зэмсэг: She plays the piano.

  • Гэр бүл, хамтлаг, сонин: the Smiths, the Beatles, the Times

  • Хэсэг нутаг, зүг чиг: in the north of Mongolia (гэхдээ: go north)

1.3 Артикль хэрэглэхгүй тохиолдол

Төрөл Жишээ
Хүн, хот, ихэнх улсын нэр Bat, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, Japan
Ганц уул, нуур; гудамж, талбай Mount Everest, Lake Khuvsgul, Peace Avenue, Sukhbaatar Square
Хэл, хичээл, спорт, хоол speak English, study physics, play football, have lunch
Сар, гараг, улирал (ихэвчлэн) in July, on Monday, in winter
by + тээврийн хэрэгсэл by bus, by train, by plane
Ерөнхий утгатай тоологдохгүй ба олон тоо Water is important. Books are useful.
Хийсвэр ухагдахуун Life is short. Love is strong.

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
I have a homework. I have homework. homework тоологдохгүй нэр үг, a авахгүй.
She is teacher. She is a teacher. Мэргэжлийн өмнө a / an хэрэгтэй.
The life is beautiful. Life is beautiful. Ерөнхий утгаар хэлэхэд артикльгүй.
I go to the school every day. I go to school every day. Сурах зорилгоор явахад артикльгүй.
an university a university university нь [j] гэж эхэлдэг (гийгүүлэгч дуудлага).

Дасгал ажил

A. a, an, the эсвэл – (артикльгүй) бөглө

Хоосон зайг зөв артиклиар (эсвэл «–» тэмдгээр) нөхөж бич.

1. I have ___ idea.

2. She is ___ engineer.

3. ___ sun rises in the east.

4. We had ___ lunch at noon.

5. Bat plays ___ guitar very well.

6. ___ Gobi Desert is in Mongolia.

7. He goes to ___ school by ___ bus.

8. ___ Mount Everest is very high.

9. It was ___ best film I have ever seen.

10. She waited for ___ hour.

B. Алдаа засах

Өгүүлбэр бүрийн алдааг олж зас.

1. I have a homework to do.

2. She is teacher.

3. The life is beautiful.

4. He is an university student.

5. I need an advice.

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) an 2) an 3) The 4) – 5) the 6) The 7) – ; – 8) – 9) the 10) an

B. 1) I have homework to do. 2) She is a teacher. 3) Life is beautiful. 4) He is a university student. 5) I need some advice. / I need a piece of advice.

2-р бүлэг

Нэр үг

Nouns: plural, countable / uncountable, possessive

2.1 Олон тоо үүсгэх

Төгсгөл Дүрэм Жишээ
Ихэнх үг + s book → books, dog → dogs
-s, -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh + es bus → buses, box → boxes, watch → watches
гийгүүлэгч + y y → ies baby → babies, city → cities
эгшиг + y + s day → days, boy → boys
-f / -fe f → ves (зарим үг) knife → knives, wolf → wolves (гэхдээ roof → roofs, chief → chiefs)
гийгүүлэгч + o + es (зарим үг) hero → heroes, potato → potatoes (гэхдээ photo → photos, piano → pianos)
Дүрмийн бус олон тоо Хэлбэр өөрчлөгдөхгүй

man → men, woman → women

child → children

foot → feet, tooth → teeth

mouse → mice, goose → geese

person → people

sheep, fish, deer

series, species

Chinese, Japanese, Swiss

2.2 Тоологдох ба тоологдохгүй нэр үг

Тоологдох нэр үг тоолж болно, олон тоотой: a book – two books. Тоологдохгүй нэр үг олон тоогүй, a / an авахгүй, үйл үг нь ганц тоонд байна.

Тоологдохгүй нэр үг Нэг ширхгийг хэлэх
advice, information, news, knowledge a piece of advice / information / news
furniture, luggage, equipment, homework a piece of furniture, an item of luggage
water, milk, tea, bread, sugar a glass of water, a cup of tea, a slice of bread
money, weather, traffic, progress, research a sum of money

2.3 Эзэмшлийн тийн ялгал: 's ба of

Хэлбэр Дүрэм Жишээ
Ганц тоо + 's Хүн, амьтан, байгууллага Bat's bike, the dog's tail
-s төгссөн олон тоо + ' Зөвхөн тэмдэг нэмнэ the students' room, my parents' house
Дүрмийн бус олон тоо + 's children's toys, women's rights
Цаг хугацаа, зай 's хэрэглэнэ today's news, a week's holiday
of Эд зүйл, хийсвэр the door of the room, the end of the story, the capital of Mongolia

2.4 Хүйс (Gender)

Англи хэлэнд үйл үг, нэр үг хүйсээр өөрчлөгддөггүй. Төлөөний нэр л өөр: хүн — he / she, эд зүйл, ихэнх амьтан — it. Орчин үед -ess төгсгөлтэй үгсийг (actress, waitress) цөөрүүлж, нийтлэг хэлбэр хэрэглэх хандлагатай: actor, server, police officer, flight attendant, chair(person).

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
informations, advices information, advice Тоологдохгүй, олон тоо авахгүй.
childs, mans, peoples children, men, people Дүрмийн бус олон тоо.
The news are good. The news is good. news — ганц тоо.
The police is coming. The police are coming. police — олон тооны үйл үгтэй.
Bat book Bat's book Эзэмшлийг заахад апостроф + s.

Дасгал ажил

A. Олон тоо үүсгэ

Үг бүрийн олон тооны хэлбэрийг бич.

1. box

2. baby

3. knife

4. potato

5. child

6. sheep

7. city

8. photo

9. tooth

10. bus

B. a, an эсвэл some

Зөв үгийг сонго.

1. I need ___ information.

2. She bought ___ furniture.

3. He gave me ___ good advice.

4. There is ___ apple on the table.

5. We heard ___ news.

6. Can I have ___ water?

7. She has ___ new umbrella.

8. He is looking for ___ job.

C. Эзэмшлийн хэлбэр

Хэллэгийг ’s, s’ эсвэл of ашиглан зөв бич.

1. the book of Bat

2. the toys of the children

3. the room of my parents

4. the capital of Mongolia

5. the news of today

6. the car of my sister

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) boxes 2) babies 3) knives 4) potatoes 5) children 6) sheep 7) cities 8) photos 9) teeth 10) buses

B. 1) some 2) some 3) some 4) an 5) some 6) some 7) a 8) a

C. 1) Bat's book 2) the children's toys 3) my parents' room 4) the capital of Mongolia 5) today's news 6) my sister's car

3-р бүлэг

Төлөөний нэр ба тоо хэмжээний үг

Pronouns and quantifiers

3.1 Биеийн, эзэмшлийн ба эгэх төлөөний нэр

Эзэн (subject) Тусагдахуун (object) Эзэмшлийн тодотгол Эзэмшлийн төлөөний нэр Эгэх (reflexive)
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself / yourselves
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its — itself
we us our ours ourselves
they them their theirs themselves
  • Эзэн үйл үгийн өмнө: She helps me. Тусагдахуун үйл үг ба угтвар үгийн дараа: I help her. This is for him.

  • my / your нэр үгийн өмнө: my book; mine / yours дангаараа: This book is mine.

  • its (-н) ба it's (= it is / it has) өөр: The dog wagged its tail. It's late.

  • Эгэх төлөөний нэр эзэн ба тусагдахуун адил байхад: She cut herself. Хүч нэмэх үед: I did it myself. (by myself = ганцаараа)

  • Өөрт нь хамаагүй бол эгэх хэлбэр хэрэглэхгүй: I feel good. (Буруу: I feel myself good)

3.2 Бие биенийг заах ба заах төлөөний нэр

  • They look at each other. / one another — Тэд бие бие рүүгээ харна.

  • this / these (ойр), that / those (хол) — энэ / эдгээр, тэр / тэдгээр

  • Hello, this is Bat speaking. — Сайн байна уу, Бат байна (утсаар).

3.3 Асуух төлөөний нэр

Үг Утга Жишээ
who хэн (эзэн) Who called you?
whom хэнийг (албан) Whom did you meet? (яриандаа: Who did you meet?)
whose хэний Whose bag is this?
what юу / ямар What do you want?
which аль (хязгаартай сонголт) Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?

Угтвар үг ихэвчлэн өгүүлбэрийн төгсгөлд: Who are you talking to? What are you looking for?

3.4 Холбох төлөөний нэр (Relative pronouns)

Тодотгол өгүүлбэр (relative clause) нь нэр үгийг тодорхойлно.

Хүн Эд зүйл Эзэмшил
Эзэн who / that which / that whose
Тусагдахуун who(m) / that / – which / that / – —
  • The girl who lives next door is my friend. — Хажуу айлд амьдардаг охин миний найз.

  • The book (that) I bought is interesting. — Миний авсан ном сонирхолтой.

  • The boy whose father is a pilot is my classmate. — Аав нь нисгэгч хүү миний ангийн хүүхэд.

3.5 Тоо хэмжээний үг (Quantifiers)

Тоологдох (олон тоо) Тоологдохгүй Хоёуланд
many much a lot of / lots of, some, any, no, all, most
(a) few — цөөхөн (a) little — бага зэрэг
fewer less more
  • a few / a little — «хэдэн, бага зэрэг байна» (эерэг): I have a few friends.

  • few / little — «бараг байхгүй» (сөрөг утга): I have little time.

  • some — батлах өгүүлбэр, санал хүсэлт: I have some books. Would you like some tea?

  • any — асуулт, үгүйсгэл, if-тэй: Do you have any questions? I don't have any money.

  • every / each — ганц тоо: Every student has a book. each тус тусад нь, every бүгдийг нэгтгэн.

  • all / whole: all the students, the whole class

  • both (хоёулаа), either (аль нэг нь), neither (аль нь ч биш): Neither answer is correct.

  • other: another book (нэг өөр), the other book (үлдсэн нэг), other books, the others

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
Me and my friend went home. My friend and I went home. Эзэн байр сууринд I хэрэглэнэ.
Its a nice day. It's a nice day. it is-ийг товчилсон.
The book which I bought it The book which I bought Тусагдахуун давтахгүй.
Everybody are happy. Everybody is happy. every- гэсэн үг ганц тоо.
I have a little friends. I have a few friends. Тоологдох нэрт few / a few.

Дасгал ажил

A. Зөв төлөөний нэрийг сонго

Хаалтан доторх үгээс зөвийг нь сонго.

1. (I / Me) like music.

2. Give (she / her) the book.

3. This is (my / mine) bag.

4. That bag is (your / yours).

5. She cut (her / herself) yesterday.

6. The children help (each other / themselves).

7. (These / Those) shoes here are expensive.

8. The girl (who / which) lives next door is my friend.

9. The book (who / which) I bought is interesting.

10. Everything (what / that) he said was true.

B. Өгүүлбэр нэгтгэ

who, which, that, whose ашиглан нэг өгүүлбэр болго.

1. The man is my uncle. He lives in Darkhan.

2. This is the film. I told you about it.

3. She is a girl. Her father is a pilot.

4. The city is beautiful. We visited it.

C. Тоо хэмжээний үг

much, many, any, a few, a little, every, neither аль нь тохирохыг сонго.

1. How ___ sugar do you want?

2. There aren't ___ chairs.

3. I have only ___ friends here.

4. We have ___ time left.

5. ___ student has a book.

6. Is there ___ milk?

7. I don't know ___ about him.

8. ___ of the two answers is correct.

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) I 2) her 3) my 4) yours 5) herself 6) each other 7) These 8) who 9) which (that) 10) that

B. 1) The man who lives in Darkhan is my uncle. 2) This is the film (that / which) I told you about. 3) She is a girl whose father is a pilot. 4) The city (that / which) we visited is beautiful.

C. 1) much 2) any (many) 3) a few (few) 4) a little (little) 5) Every (Each) 6) any 7) anything 8) Neither

4-р бүлэг

Тэмдэг нэр ба дайвар үг

Adjectives and adverbs

4.1 Тэмдэг нэрийн хэрэглээ

  • Нэр үгийн өмнө: an interesting book

  • be, seem, look, feel, become, get, taste-ийн дараа: The book is interesting. She looks tired.

  • Олон тэмдэг нэрийн дараалал: үзэл бодол → хэмжээ → нас → хэлбэр → өнгө → гарал → материал: a beautiful old Mongolian carpet, a small round wooden table

  • -ed (хүний мэдрэмж) ба -ing (юмны шинж): I am bored. The lesson is boring. She is interested in art. Art is interesting.

4.2 Харьцуулах зэрэг

Төрөл Дүрэм Анхны Харьцуулсан Дээд
1 үет + er / est tall taller the tallest
-e төгссөн + r / st nice nicer the nicest
гийг. + эгш. + гийг. төгсгөл давхарлана big, hot bigger, hotter the biggest, the hottest
гийг. + y y → ier / iest happy happier the happiest
2+ үет more / most beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
Дүрмийн бус

good

bad

far

little

much / many

better

worse

farther / further

less

more

the best

the worst

the farthest / furthest

the least

the most

  • Адил: as tall as; адил биш: not as tall as

  • Харьцуулах: taller than, more interesting than

  • Дээд зэрэг: the tallest in the class, one of the best students

  • Улам: The more you practise, the better you speak.

  • Хүчитгэх: much / far / a lot taller, slightly easier (Буруу: very taller)

4.3 Дайвар үг

Дайвар үг нь үйл үг, тэмдэг нэр, өөр дайвар үгийг тодорхойлно. Ихэнхдээ тэмдэг нэр + -ly.

Дүрэм Жишээ
+ ly slow → slowly, careful → carefully
гийг. + y → ily happy → happily, easy → easily
-le → -ly simple → simply, gentle → gently
-ic → -ically basic → basically, fantastic → fantastically
Дүрмийн бус: good → well He speaks English well.
Тэмдэг нэртэй ижил хэлбэр fast, hard, early, late, daily, high
Ижил хэлбэр Өөр утга
hard — хатуу, шаргуу

hardly — бараг (үгүй)

He hardly ever calls.

late — хожуу

lately — саяхан

I haven't seen him lately.

near — ойр

nearly — бараг

nearly 100 people

high — өндөр

highly — өндөр түвшинд

highly recommended

4.4 Дайвар үгийн байрлал

  • Давтамж (always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never) — үндсэн үйл үгийн өмнө, be-ийн дараа: She always comes early. He is never late.

  • Арга барил — үйл үг, тусагдахууны дараа: She speaks English fluently. (Буруу: speaks fluently English)

  • Олон дайвар үгийн дараалал: арга барил → газар → цаг: We arrived safely at the hotel yesterday.

  • Зэрэг: very, quite, rather, too, enough. too difficult (хэтэрхий), old enough (хангалттай), enough money

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
He speaks English good. He speaks English well. Үйл үгийг дайвар үг (well) тодорхойлно.
more easier easier Нэг л харьцуулах хэлбэр.
I am boring. I am bored. Миний мэдрэмж → -ed.
He drives careful. He drives carefully. Арга барил → -ly.
She is very taller than me. She is much taller than me. Харьцуулсан зэрэгт very хэрэглэхгүй.

Дасгал ажил

A. Харьцуулсан, дээд зэрэг

Хаалтан доторх үгийг зөв хэлбэрт оруул.

1. Ulaanbaatar is ___ (big) than Darkhan.

2. This is the ___ (interesting) book I have read.

3. Who is ___ (tall) in your class?

4. Maths is ___ (difficult) than history for me.

5. He is a ___ (good) student than me.

6. Today is the ___ (hot) day of the year.

7. The weather is ___ (bad) than yesterday.

8. This is the ___ (dangerous) road in the city.

9. She is as ___ (clever) as her brother.

10. The ___ (much) you practise, the ___ (good) you speak.

B. Тэмдэг нэр эсвэл дайвар үг

Зөв хэлбэрийг сонго.

1. She speaks English (good / well).

2. He is a (careful / carefully) driver.

3. The test was (easy / easily).

4. They worked (hard / hardly).

5. He (hard / hardly) ever calls me.

6. The soup tastes (good / well).

7. She looked at me (angry / angrily).

8. I am (bored / boring).

C. Үгийн дараалал

Үгсийг зөв дарааллаар байрлуулж өгүүлбэр зохио.

1. a / old / beautiful / carpet / Mongolian

2. always / He / late / is

3. yesterday / we / the hotel / arrived / at

4. speaks / fluently / English / She

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) bigger 2) most interesting 3) the tallest 4) more difficult 5) better 6) hottest 7) worse 8) most dangerous 9) clever 10) more; better

B. 1) well 2) careful 3) easy 4) hard 5) hardly 6) good 7) angrily 8) bored

C. 1) a beautiful old Mongolian carpet 2) He is always late. 3) We arrived at the hotel yesterday. 4) She speaks English fluently.

5-р бүлэг

Тооны нэр

Numerals: numbers, dates, fractions

5.1 Тоо ба дэс тоо

Тоо Үндсэн тоо Дэс тоо
1–3 one, two, three first, second, third
4–10 four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten fourth, fifth (ve→f), sixth, seventh, eighth (зөвхөн h нэмнэ), ninth (e гээнэ), tenth
11–19 eleven, twelve, thirteen … nineteen eleventh, twelfth (ve→f), thirteenth …
20–90 twenty, thirty, forty (u-гүй), fifty … ninety twentieth (y→ie), thirtieth …
21–99 twenty-one, thirty-five (зураастай) twenty-first, thirty-fifth
100+ one hundred, a thousand, one million hundredth, thousandth, millionth

5.2 Он, огноо, цаг

Төрөл Бичих Уншлага
Он

1999

2005

2026

nineteen ninety-nine

two thousand (and) five

twenty twenty-six

Огноо 14 July / July 14 the fourteenth of July / July the fourteenth
Цаг

7:30

7:45

7:15

half past seven

a quarter to eight

a quarter past seven

Утасны дугаар 9911 0275 нэг нэгээр уншина: nine nine one one, oh two seven five (0 = oh / zero)

5.3 Бутархай ба хувь

Төрөл Жишээ
Энгийн бутархай (тоологч — үндсэн тоо, хуваагч — дэс тоо) 1/2 a half, 1/3 one third, 2/3 two thirds, 3/4 three quarters
Аравтын бутархай 0.5 zero point five, 3.14 three point one four
Хувь 25% twenty-five per cent

5.4 Давтамж ба үржвэр

  • once, twice, three times, four times — нэг, хоёр, гурав, дөрөв удаа

  • single, double, triple — нэг дахин, хоёр дахин, гурав дахин

  • twice a week, three times a month — долоо хоногт хоёр удаа, сард гурван удаа

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
two hundreds students two hundred students Тооны дараа hundred -s авахгүй.
the 5th of May (уншихдаа five) the fifth of May Дэс тоог дэс тооны хэлбэрээр уншина.
fourty forty four-аас u-г гээнэ.
twelveth twelfth twelve → twelfth.
nineth ninth nine → ninth (e гээнэ).

Дасгал ажил

A. Үгээр бич

Тоо, он, огноог англи үгээр бич.

1. 15

2. 40

3. 112

4. 3rd

5. 12th

6. 2/3

7. 0.75

8. 1990

9. 3 July 2026

10. 7:45

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) fifteen 2) forty 3) one hundred and twelve 4) third 5) twelfth 6) two thirds 7) zero point seven five 8) nineteen ninety 9) the third of July, twenty twenty-six 10) a quarter to eight

6-р бүлэг

be, have, do ба баймж үйл үг

Auxiliary and modal verbs

6.1 to be

Одоо цаг Өнгөрсөн цаг Сөрөг Асуух
I am I was I am not Am I …?
you / we / they are you / we / they were aren't / weren't Are you …?
he / she / it is he / she / it was isn't / wasn't Is she …?
  • Үндсэн үйл үг: She is a nurse. They were late.

  • Туслах үйл үг: үргэлжлэх цаг He is working., үйлдэгдэх хэв It was built in 1990.

  • there is / there are — «байна»: There is a book on the table. There are two pens.

  • be to + V — зохион байгуулсан төлөвлөгөө: The president is to visit Mongolia in May.

6.2 to have

  • Эзэмших: I have a car. / I have got a car. Сөрөг: I don't have a car.

  • Үйлдэл (do-той): have lunch, have a shower, have a rest — Do you have lunch at noon?

  • Туслах үйл үг: She has finished.

  • have to — албадлага: I have to get up early.

  • Бусдаар хийлгэх: I had my hair cut. (have + зүйл + V3)

6.3 to do

  • Одоо ба өнгөрсөн энгийн цагийн асуулт, сөрөг: Do you like tea? She doesn't know. Did he come?

  • Хүч нэмэх: I do like it!

  • Орлох: He knows more than I do. So do I. Neither do I.

  • Асуух хавсаргуур: You like tea, don't you? He didn't come, did he?

6.4 Баймж үйл үг (Modal verbs)

Баймж үйл үг нь өөр үйл үгийн үндсэн хэлбэр (to-гүй)-тэй хамт утга илэрхийлнэ. 3-р биед -s авахгүй, асуух, сөрөг хэлбэрийг өөрөө үүсгэнэ: She can swim. Can she swim? She can't swim.

Баймж Утга Жишээ
can / could чадвар, зөвшөөрөл, боломж, хүсэлт I can swim. Could you help me? She could read at five.
may / might зөвшөөрөл (may), магадлал (may, might) May I come in? It might rain.
must албан үүрэг, хүчтэй таамаг You must wear a seat belt. He must be tired.
have to гаднаас ирсэн шаардлага I have to wear a uniform.
mustn't хориг You mustn't smoke here.
don't have to / needn't хэрэггүй You don't have to come.
should / ought to зөвлөгөө You should see a doctor.
will / would амлалт, хүсэлт, өнгөрсөн дадал I will help you. Would you open the door? We would play outside every day.
shall санал: Shall I / we …? Shall I open the window?
used to өнгөрсөн дадал, байдал I used to live in Erdenet.

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
He cans swim. He can swim. Баймж үйл үг -s авахгүй.
You must to go. You must go. Баймжийн дараа to хэрэглэхгүй.
Does she can swim? Can she swim? Баймж нь асуултыг өөрөө үүсгэнэ.
I am agree. I agree. agree — үйл үг, be хэрэггүй.
You mustn't come. (хэрэггүй гэсэн утгаар) You don't have to come. mustn't = хориглоно; don't have to = хэрэггүй.

Дасгал ажил

A. Зөв баймж үйл үгийг сонго

Хаалтан доторх хувилбараас зөвийг нь сонго.

1. You (must / mustn't) smoke here. It's forbidden.

2. I (can / could) swim when I was five.

3. You (should / must) see a doctor; you look ill.

4. (Shall / Will) I open the window?

5. Tomorrow is Sunday. We (don't have to / mustn't) get up early.

6. The lights are on. She (must / can't) be at home.

7. He is only five. He (may / can't) be a student.

8. You (should / must) have told me earlier.

9. (Could / Should) you help me, please?

10. When I was a child, I (would / should) play outside every day.

B. do-ийн тусламжтай өгүүлбэр болго

Хаалтан дотор заасан хэлбэрт оруул.

1. She likes tea. (сөрөг)

2. They live here. (асуух)

3. He went home. (асуух)

4. We watched TV. (сөрөг)

5. Someone broke the window. (who-гоор асуух)

6. He can swim. (асуух)

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) mustn't 2) could 3) should 4) Shall 5) don't have to 6) must 7) can't 8) should 9) Could 10) would

B. 1) She doesn't like tea. 2) Do they live here? 3) Did he go home? 4) We didn't watch TV. 5) Who broke the window? 6) Can he swim?

7-р бүлэг

Үйл үгийн цагууд

The tenses

Англи хэлэнд 4 хэлбэр (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous) × 3 цаг (одоо, өнгөрсөн, ирээдүй) = 12 үндсэн цаг байдаг. Тэдгээрийг мэдвэл үлдсэн хэлбэрүүд бүгд тэднээс гардаг. (Хуучин номд «26 цаг» гэж тоолдог боловч идэвхгүй хэв, «ирээдүйн өнгөрсөн» цаг зэргийг тусад нь тоолсон тоо юм.)

7.1 Хэлбэр, хэрэглээний хураангуй

Цаг Хэлбэр Хэрэглээ Жишээ
Present Simple V / V-s Дадал, баримт, хуваарь She works in a bank.
Present Continuous am / is / are + V-ing Яг одоо, түр зуурын, төлөвлөсөн He is reading now.
Present Perfect have / has + V3 Одоотой холбоотой өнгөрсөн; туршлага I have lost my keys.
Present Perfect Continuous have / has been + V-ing Өнгөрснөөс одоо хүртэл үргэлжилсэн I have been waiting for an hour.
Past Simple V2 (-ed) Өнгөрсөн үйл, дууссан We visited Paris in 2020.
Past Continuous was / were + V-ing Өнгөрсөн цагт үргэлжилж байсан I was sleeping at ten.
Past Perfect had + V3 Өөр өнгөрсөн үйлээс өмнө болсон They had left before I came.
Past Perfect Continuous had been + V-ing Өнгөрсөн цаг хүртэл үргэлжилсэн She had been working for hours.
Future Simple will + V Шийдвэр, таамаг, амлалт I will call you.
Future Continuous will be + V-ing Ирээдүйн тодорхой агшинд үргэлжилж буй At 8 I will be studying.
Future Perfect will have + V3 Ирээдүйн цагаас өмнө дууссан байх By June I will have finished.
Future Perfect Continuous will have been + V-ing Ирээдүйн цаг хүртэл үргэлжилсэн байх By 5 I will have been working for 8 hours.

7.2 Дүрэм үүсгэх: -s, -ing, -ed

Дүрэм Жишээ
3-р бие, -s / -es: -s, -x, -z, -ch, -sh, -o нь -es; гийг. + y → -ies go → goes, watch → watches, study → studies, play → plays
-ing: e-г гээнэ; 1 үет, эгшиг + гийг. давхарлана; ie → y make → making, run → running, die → dying
-ed: -e-д зөвхөн d; гийг. + y → ied; 1 үет эгшиг + гийг. давхарлана like → liked, study → studied, stop → stopped

7.3 Гол ялгаанууд

Харьцуулалт Дүрэм
Present Simple ба Present Continuous I play football on Sundays. (дадал) — I am playing football now. (яг одоо)
Past Simple ба Present Perfect Өнгөрсөн цаг тодорхой (yesterday, in 2020, last week) бол Past Simple: I saw him yesterday. Цаг заагаагүй, одоотой холбоотой, ever / never / already / yet / just / since / for бол Present Perfect: I have seen him already.
Present Perfect ба Present Perfect Continuous Үр дүн: I have painted the room. — Үргэлжлэх процесс: I have been painting the room all day.
since ба for since + эхлэх цаг: since 2018, since Monday; for + хугацаа: for two years, for an hour
Past Simple ба Past Perfect Хоёр өнгөрсөн үйлийн аль нь түрүүлж болсон: When I arrived, the film had started.

7.4 Ирээдүйн үйлийг илэрхийлэх 4 арга

Хэлбэр Хэрэглээ Жишээ
will + V Одоо гаргасан шийдвэр, таамаг, амлалт It's cold. I'll close the window.
be going to + V Урьдчилан бодож төлөвлөсөн; нүдэнд харагдаж буй шинж I'm going to study medicine. Look at the clouds! It is going to rain.
Present Continuous Хэн нэгэнтэй тохирсон, цаг тодорхой I am meeting Dorj at five.
Present Simple Хуваарь, цагийн хэлхээс The train leaves at 9:15.

7.5 Цагийн заагч үгс

Цаг Заагч үг
Present Simple always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day, on Mondays
Present Continuous now, at the moment, today, these days, Look! Listen!
Present Perfect ever, never, already, yet, just, so far, since, for, recently
Past Simple yesterday, last week, in 2020, ago, when I was a child
Future tomorrow, next week, soon, in two days, tonight

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
I am knowing the answer. I know the answer. know — төлөв заасан үйл үг.
I have seen him yesterday. I saw him yesterday. yesterday — тодорхой өнгөрсөн цаг.
She don't like tea. She doesn't like tea. 3-р бие ганц тоонд doesn't.
I am living here since 2020. I have lived here since 2020. since / for → Present Perfect.
If it will rain tomorrow, … If it rains tomorrow, … if-ийн дараа ирээдүй ч Present Simple.

Дасгал ажил

A. Зөв цагийн хэлбэр

Хаалтан доторх үйл үгийг зөв цагт оруул.

1. Water ___ (boil) at 100°C.

2. Listen! Someone ___ (knock) at the door.

3. I ___ (live) in Ulaanbaatar since 2018.

4. She ___ (go) to Japan last year.

5. When I arrived, they ___ (already / leave).

6. At 8 p.m. yesterday I ___ (watch) TV.

7. By next year, he ___ (finish) university.

8. Look at those clouds! It ___ (rain).

9. I ___ (wait) for you for an hour! (одоо ч хүлээж байна)

10. If it ___ (rain) tomorrow, we will stay home.

B. Past Simple эсвэл Present Perfect

Зөв хэлбэрийг бич.

1. I ___ (lose) my keys. I can't find them.

2. I ___ (lose) my keys yesterday.

3. She ___ (visit) Paris three times.

4. ___ you ___ (see) Bat yesterday?

5. We ___ (not meet) since 2020.

6. He ___ (just / finish) his homework.

7. I ___ (read) that book when I was twelve.

8. They ___ (already / eat).

C. Ирээдүйн хэлбэр

will, be going to, Present Continuous, Present Simple-ээс сонгож бич.

1. "It's cold." "I ___ (close) the window."

2. I ___ (meet) Dorj at five tomorrow. (тохирсон)

3. The train ___ (leave) at 9:15. (хуваарь)

4. He ___ (be) a doctor when he grows up. (төлөвлөгөө)

5. Look out! You ___ (fall)!

6. This time next week I ___ (lie) on the beach.

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) boils 2) is knocking 3) have lived 4) went 5) had already left 6) was watching 7) will have finished 8) is going to rain 9) have been waiting 10) rains

B. 1) have lost 2) lost 3) has visited 4) Did … see 5) haven't met 6) has just finished 7) read 8) have already eaten

C. 1) will close 2) am meeting 3) leaves 4) is going to be 5) are going to fall 6) will be lying

8-р бүлэг

Үйлдэгдэх хэв

The passive voice

Идэвхтэй хэв: эзэн үйлдлийг хийнэ — The police arrested the thief. Үйлдэгдэх хэв: үйлдэл эзэнд (тусагдахуунд) хийгдэнэ — The thief was arrested (by the police). Бүтэц: be + V3.

8.1 Хэлбэрүүд

Цаг Бүтэц Жишээ
Present Simple am / is / are + V3 English is spoken here.
Present Continuous am / is / are being + V3 The road is being repaired.
Present Perfect has / have been + V3 My bike has been stolen.
Past Simple was / were + V3 The bridge was built in 1990.
Past Continuous was / were being + V3 The room was being cleaned.
Past Perfect had been + V3 The room had been cleaned.
Future Simple will be + V3 The results will be announced.
Модаль modal + be + V3 This work must be finished today.

8.2 Идэвхтэйгээс үйлдэгдэх хэв рүү

  • Идэвхтэй өгүүлбэрийн тусагдахуун → үйлдэгдэх өгүүлбэрийн эзэн

  • be-г идэвхтэй өгүүлбэрийн цагтай адил цагт, эзэнтэйгээ тохируулан тавина

  • Үндсэн үйл үг → V3

  • Идэвхтэй эзэн → by + … (зөвхөн шаардлагатай бол)

  • They built this bridge in 1990. — Тэд энэ гүүрийг 1990 онд барьсан.

  • This bridge was built in 1990. — Энэ гүүр 1990 онд баригдсан.

8.3 Хэзээ хэрэглэх вэ?

  • Үйлдэл хийсэн хүн мэдэгдэхгүй, чухал биш эсвэл ойлгомжтой: My wallet was stolen.

  • Албан, шинжлэх ухааны бичвэр: The samples were heated to 100°C.

  • Үр дүнг онцлох: The window was broken by a stone.

8.4 Хоёр тусагдахуунтай үйл үг

give, send, show, tell, offer гэх мэт үйл үг хоёр үндэстэй: They gave Bat a prize. → Bat was given a prize. эсвэл A prize was given to Bat.

8.5 get-passive ба хийлгэх бүтэц

  • He got hurt in the game. — Тэр тоглоомд гэмтсэн. (яриа хэлэнд)

  • I had my hair cut. / I got my phone repaired. — Би үсээ засуулсан. / Утсаа засуулсан.

Мэдээ, ярианд өргөн хэрэглэгддэг хэлбэр: It is said that … эсвэл He is said to be rich. (Түүнийг баян гэдэг.)

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
The accident was happened. The accident happened. happen — үйлдэгдэх хэвгүй.
This book written by Tolstoy. This book was written by Tolstoy. be хэрэгтэй.
The room is clean every day. The room is cleaned every day. V3 хэрэгтэй (is clean = цэвэр байна).
It was been done. It has been done. / It was done. be-г давхар хэрэглэж болохгүй.
English is speaking here. English is spoken here. V3 хэрэглэнэ.

Дасгал ажил

A. Идэвхтэйг үйлдэгдэх болго

Өгүүлбэрийг үйлдэгдэх хэвд хувирга.

1. They built this bridge in 1990.

2. People speak English all over the world.

3. Someone has stolen my bike.

4. They are repairing the road.

5. The teacher will give us the results.

6. You must finish this work today.

7. Nobody saw him.

8. They had already cleaned the room.

B. Хаалтан доторх үгийг үйлдэгдэх хэвд бич

Зөв хэлбэрийг бич.

1. English ___ (teach) in many schools.

2. The window ___ (break) last night.

3. The match ___ (cancel) because of the rain.

4. A new school ___ (build) at the moment.

5. The letters ___ (send) tomorrow.

6. The thief ___ (arrest) already.

C. Алдаа засах

Алдааг олж зас.

1. The accident was happened yesterday.

2. This book written by Tolstoy.

3. The room is clean every day by the cleaner.

4. English is speaking here.

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) This bridge was built in 1990. 2) English is spoken all over the world. 3) My bike has been stolen. 4) The road is being repaired. 5) We will be given the results. / The results will be given to us. 6) This work must be finished today. 7) He was not seen. 8) The room had already been cleaned.

B. 1) is taught 2) was broken 3) was cancelled 4) is being built 5) will be sent 6) has already been arrested

C. 1) The accident happened yesterday. 2) This book was written by Tolstoy. 3) The room is cleaned every day by the cleaner. 4) English is spoken here.

9-р бүлэг

Нөхцөлт өгүүлбэр ба хүслийн илэрхийлэл

Conditionals and wishes

Нөхцөлт өгүүлбэр нь if-өгүүлбэр (нөхцөл) ба үндсэн өгүүлбэр (үр дүн) гэсэн хоёр хэсгээс бүрдэнэ. Төрлийг тодорхойлох гол зүйл: нөхцөл бодит боломжтой юу, төсөөллийн юу.

Төрөл if-өгүүлбэр Үндсэн өгүүлбэр Утга Жишээ
0 Present Simple Present Simple Байнгын үнэн, шинжлэх ухаан If you heat ice, it melts.
1 Present Simple will + V Бодит, ирээдүйд болох боломжтой If it rains, we will stay home.
2 Past Simple would + V Одоо / ирээдүйд боломж багатай, төсөөлөл If I were rich, I would travel.
3 Past Perfect would have + V3 Өнгөрсөнд болоогүй, өөрчлөх боломжгүй If I had studied, I would have passed.
  • 2-р төрөлд were бүх биед хэрэглэнэ (албан бичигт): If I were you, I would study harder. Яриандаа If I was … гэж бас хэлдэг.

  • Хоёр хэсгийн дараалал солигдож болно. if-өгүүлбэр эхэлбэл таслал тавина: If it rains, we will stay. / We will stay if it rains.

  • Холимог төрөл: If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now.

9.1 unless ба бусад холбоос

Үг Утга Жишээ
unless = if … not (эс бөгөөс) Unless you hurry, you will miss the train. (= If you don't hurry …)
as long as / provided (that) «… нөхцөлд, … л бол» You can go out as long as you finish your homework.
in case «… болзошгүй тул» Take an umbrella in case it rains.
otherwise «эс бөгөөс» Hurry up, otherwise you will be late.

9.2 wish ба if only

Утга Бүтэц Жишээ
Одоогийн байдлаас харамсах wish + Past Simple I wish I were taller. I wish I had a car.
Өнгөрсөнд харамсах wish + Past Perfect I wish I had studied harder.
Бухимдал, өөрчлөлт хүсэх wish + would + V I wish he would stop talking.
Хүчтэй хүсэл If only + дээрх бүтэц If only I knew the answer!

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
If it will rain, we stay home. If it rains, we will stay home. if-д will хэрэглэхгүй.
If I would have known, I would have come. If I had known, I would have come. 3-р төрөлд Past Perfect.
Unless you don't study, you will fail. Unless you study, you will fail. unless өөрөө үгүйсгэл агуулна.
I wish I will pass the exam. I hope I will pass the exam. wish → ирээдүйн бодит хүсэлд hope.

Дасгал ажил

A. Зөв хэлбэрийг бич

Хаалтан доторх үйл үгийг зөв хэлбэрт оруул.

1. If you heat ice, it ___ (melt).

2. If it rains tomorrow, we ___ (stay) at home.

3. If I ___ (be) you, I would study harder.

4. If she ___ (know) the answer, she would tell us.

5. If I had studied, I ___ (pass) the exam.

6. If they ___ (leave) earlier, they wouldn't have missed the bus.

7. I'll call you as soon as I ___ (arrive).

8. What would you do if you ___ (win) a million dollars?

9. If he ___ (not be) so tired, he would have come.

10. Unless you ___ (hurry), you will miss the train.

B. unless ашиглан дахин бич

Утга өөрчлөхгүйгээр unless ашигла.

1. If you don't study, you won't pass.

2. We'll go for a picnic if it doesn't rain.

3. If you don't leave now, you'll be late.

C. wish / if only

Өгүүлбэрийг wish эсвэл if only-ээр үргэлжлүүл.

1. I'm not rich. I wish ___.

2. I didn't study. I wish ___.

3. He talks too much. I wish he ___.

4. She lives far away. I wish she ___.

5. We lost the match. If only ___.

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) melts 2) will stay 3) were 4) knew 5) would have passed 6) had left 7) arrive 8) won 9) hadn't been 10) hurry

B. 1) Unless you study, you won't pass. 2) We'll go for a picnic unless it rains. 3) Unless you leave now, you'll be late.

C. 1) I were / was rich 2) I had studied 3) would stop talking 4) lived nearby (closer) 5) we had won

10-р бүлэг

Шууд бус яриа ба цаг зохицох ёс

Reported speech and sequence of tenses

Хэн нэгний хэлсэн үгийг дамжуулахад үндсэн үйл үг өнгөрсөн цагт (said, told, asked) байвал дэд өгүүлбэрийн цаг нэг шатаар ухарна — үүнийг цаг зохицох ёс гэнэ.

Шууд яриа Шууд бус яриа
Present Simple: "I am tired." Past Simple: He said (that) he was tired.
Present Continuous: "I am working." Past Continuous: She said she was working.
Present Perfect: "I have finished." Past Perfect: He said he had finished.
Past Simple: "I visited Paris." Past Perfect: He said he had visited Paris.
will: "I will help." would: She said she would help.
can / may / must: "I can swim." could / might / had to: He said he could swim.
Past Perfect: "I had left." Өөрчлөгдөхгүй: He said he had left.

10.1 Цаг, газрын үгс

Шууд яриа Шууд бус яриа
now then, at that time
today / tonight that day / that night
yesterday the day before / the previous day
tomorrow the next day / the following day
last week the week before
next month the following month
ago before
here / this there / that

10.2 Асуулт ба захирал

  • Yes / no асуулт → if / whether + өгүүлбэрийн дараалал (do, does-гүй): "Are you happy?" → She asked if I was happy.

  • Wh-асуулт → асуух үг + өгүүлбэрийн дараалал: "Where do you live?" → He asked me where I lived.

  • Захирал → tell / ask + хүн + (not) to V: "Open the door." → He told me to open the door. "Don't be late." → She told me not to be late.

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
He said me that he was ill. He told me that he was ill. say-ийн дараа шууд хүн орохгүй.
She asked where did I live. She asked where I lived. Шууд бус асуултад өгүүлбэрийн дараалал.
He asked me do I like tea. He asked me if I liked tea. if / whether хэрэгтэй.
He told to open the window. He told me to open the window. tell-ийн дараа хүн орно.

Дасгал ажил

A. Өгүүлбэр хувирга

Шууд яриаг шууд бус яриа болго.

1. "I am tired," he said.

2. "We have finished," they said.

3. "I will help you," she said.

4. "I visited Paris last year," he said.

5. "I can swim," Bat said.

6. "We are leaving tomorrow," they said.

7. "You must work harder," the teacher said.

8. "I don't like coffee," she said.

B. Асуулт, захирал

Шууд бус ярианд хувирга.

1. "Where do you live?" he asked me.

2. "Are you happy?" she asked me.

3. "Open the door," he said to me.

4. "Don't be late," Mother said to me.

5. "What time does the film start?" she asked.

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) He said (that) he was tired. 2) They said (that) they had finished. 3) She said (that) she would help me. 4) He said (that) he had visited Paris the year before. 5) Bat said (that) he could swim. 6) They said (that) they were leaving the next day. 7) The teacher said (that) we had to work harder. 8) She said (that) she didn't like coffee.

B. 1) He asked me where I lived. 2) She asked me if (whether) I was happy. 3) He told me to open the door. 4) Mother told me not to be late. 5) She asked what time the film started.

11-р бүлэг

Инфинитив, герунд, нөхцөлт үйл үг

Infinitive, gerund and participles

11.1 Инфинитив: to + V

  • Зорилго: I went to the shop (in order) to buy bread.

  • Дараах үйл үгсийн дараа: want, hope, decide, plan, promise, agree, refuse, learn, manage, afford, seem, would like — She wants to study abroad.

  • Үйл үг + хүн + to: want / tell / ask / allow / advise / teach / invite / expect + хүн + to V — My mother told me to study.

  • Тэмдэг нэрийн дараа: glad to see, easy to do, too tired to walk, old enough to drive

  • Асуух үг + to: I don't know what to say. Show me how to do it.

11.2 To-гүй инфинитив

  • Модаль үйл үгийн дараа: She can swim.

  • let, make + хүн + V: My mother made me clean my room. Let me go. (Үйлдэгдэх хэвд to гарна: I was made to clean.)

  • had better, would rather: You had better go.

  • See, hear, watch, feel + хүн + V (бүхэл үйл) эсвэл -ing (үргэлжилж байхыг): I saw him cross the street. / I saw him crossing the street.

11.3 Герунд: V-ing

Герунд нь нэр үгийн үүрэгтэй -ing хэлбэр: эзэн, тусагдахуун эсвэл угтвар үгийн дараа орно.

Хэрэглээ Жишээ
Эзэн Swimming is healthy.
Угтвар үгийн дараа She is good at drawing. He left without saying goodbye. Thank you for helping me.
Тодорхой үйл үгийн дараа

enjoy, avoid, finish, keep, mind, suggest, consider, practise, give up, deny, imagine, risk, can't help

I enjoy swimming. She suggested going to the cinema.

to угтвартай хэллэг

look forward to, be used to, get used to, object to

I am looking forward to seeing you. I am used to getting up early.

Тогтсон хэллэг It is no use crying. It is worth visiting. There is no point in waiting.

11.4 Хоёуланг нь авч, утга нь өөрчлөгдөх үйл үг

Үйл үг + to V + V-ing
stop He stopped to rest. — амрахын тулд зогссон He stopped smoking. — тамхи татахаа больсон
remember Remember to lock the door. — хийхээ санах I remember meeting him. — өнгөрсөнд болсныг санах
forget I forgot to call. — залгахаа мартсан I'll never forget seeing her.
try I tried to open the window. — оролдсон Try opening the window. — туршиж үз
regret I regret to tell you … — харамсан мэдэгдэнэ I regret telling him. — хэлснээ харамсана

like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start хоёуланг нь авах ба утга нь бараг адил: I like swimming / to swim.

11.5 Participle (нөхцөлт үйл үг)

Төрөл Утга Жишээ
Present participle (V-ing) идэвхтэй, үргэлжилж буй the boy playing football, an interesting book
Past participle (V3) үйлдэгдсэн, дууссан the broken window, a written test
Perfect participle (having + V3) өмнө дууссан Having finished my homework, I watched TV.
  • Тодотгол өгүүлбэрийг товчлох: The man who is standing there → The man standing there; The book which was written by Tolstoy → The book written by Tolstoy

  • Цаг, шалтгааныг товчлох: Feeling tired, she went to bed early.

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
I enjoy to swim. I enjoy swimming. enjoy + V-ing.
She suggested to go. She suggested going. suggest + V-ing.
I look forward to see you. I look forward to seeing you. to энд угтвар үг.
He made me to laugh. He made me laugh. make + хүн + to-гүй V.
I am used to get up early. I am used to getting up early. be used to + V-ing.

Дасгал ажил

A. Инфинитив эсвэл герунд

Хаалтан доторх үйл үгийг зөв хэлбэрт оруул.

1. I enjoy ___ (swim).

2. She wants ___ (study) abroad.

3. He suggested ___ (go) to the cinema.

4. We decided ___ (stay) at home.

5. I'm looking forward to ___ (see) you.

6. She can ___ (speak) three languages.

7. My mother made me ___ (clean) my room.

8. He is good at ___ (draw).

9. I'd like ___ (go) to the park.

10. They didn't allow us ___ (leave).

B. Утга өөрчлөх үйл үг

Зөв хэлбэрийг бич.

1. He stopped ___ (smoke) because it's unhealthy.

2. On the way we stopped ___ (buy) some water.

3. Remember ___ (lock) the door before you leave.

4. I remember ___ (meet) him last year.

5. I tried ___ (open) the window but it was stuck.

C. Participle-ээр нэгтгэ

Хоёр өгүүлбэрийг participle ашиглан нэг болго.

1. The boy is playing football. He is my brother.

2. I finished my homework. Then I watched TV.

3. The book was written by Tolstoy. It is very long.

4. She was feeling tired. She went to bed early.

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) swimming 2) to study 3) going 4) to stay 5) seeing 6) speak 7) clean 8) drawing 9) to go 10) to leave

B. 1) smoking 2) to buy 3) to lock 4) meeting 5) to open

C. 1) The boy playing football is my brother. 2) Having finished my homework, I watched TV. 3) The book written by Tolstoy is very long. 4) Feeling tired, she went to bed early.

12-р бүлэг

Тусах ба эс тусах үйл үг, хэлц үйл үг

Transitive / intransitive verbs and phrasal verbs

12.1 Тусах ба эс тусах үйл үг

Төрөл Тайлбар Жишээ
Тусах (transitive) Тусагдахуун шаардана She wrote a letter. He opened the door.
Эс тусах (intransitive) Тусагдахуунгүй The sun rises. He arrived late. They slept.
Хоёуланд нь Утга ижил, тусагдахуунтай ч үгүй ч The door opened. / He opened the door.

Зарим үйл үгийн хос: нэг нь эс тусах, нөгөө нь тусах (хийлгэх утгатай).

Эс тусах Тусах
rise, rose, risen — мандах, дээшлэх raise, raised, raised — өргөх, өсгөх
lie, lay, lain — хэвтэх lay, laid, laid — тавих
sit, sat, sat — суух seat / set — суулгах, байрлуулах
fall, fell, fallen — унах fell — унагах (мод)
The ball dropped. — Бөмбөг унав. He dropped the ball. — Тэр бөмбөг унагав.

12.2 Хоёр тусагдахуунтай үйл үг

  • give, send, show, tell, bring, offer, lend — хоёр бүтэцтэй: She gave me a book. = She gave a book to me.

  • Тусагдахуун нь төлөөний нэр байвал: give it to me (Буруу: give it me — албан бус)

  • explain, suggest, describe, say, mention, introduce — зөвхөн to-тэй: He explained the rule to us. (Буруу: explained us the rule)

12.3 Эгэх үйл үг

  • Эгэх төлөөний нэр шаарддаг: enjoy yourself, behave yourself, introduce yourself, help yourself

  • Монголд эгэх боловч англид эгэх шаардлагагүй: wash, shave, dress, relax, feel — I wash every morning. She got dressed. (wash myself биш — зөвхөн онцлох үед)

12.4 Хэлц үйл үг (Phrasal verbs)

Хэлц үйл үг = үйл үг + дайвар үг / угтвар үг. Утга нь тусдаа үгний утгаас өөр байдаг: give up (болих), look after (харах), put off (хойшлуулах).

Төрөл Тайлбар Жишээ
Эс тусах Тусагдахуунгүй get up, sit down, break down, take off (онгоц) — The car broke down.
Тусах — салгаж болох Тусагдахуун завсар орж болно. Төлөөний нэр заавал завсар орно. turn off the light / turn the light off / turn it off (Буруу: turn off it)
Тусах — салгаж болохгүй Тусагдахуун үргэлж дараа look after the children, look for a pen, deal with a problem — look after them
Гурван үгтэй Үйл үг + дайвар үг + угтвар үг look forward to, get on with, put up with, run out of, come up with
Хэлц үйл үг Утга Хэлц үйл үг Утга
give up болих, бууж өгөх turn on / off асаах / унтраах
look after харах, халамжлах put on / take off өмсөх / тайлах
look for хайх find out олж мэдэх
look forward to тэсэн ядан хүлээх get on with сайн харилцах; үргэлжлүүлэх
put off хойшлуулах run out of дуусах, шавхагдах
pick up өргөх, авах take care of халамжлах
set up байгуулах come up with санаа гаргах
carry on үргэлжлүүлэх put up with тэвчих
call off цуцлах fill in бөглөх (маягт)
go on үргэлжлэх break down эвдрэх

12.5 Үйл үг + угтвар үг

Англи хэлэнд зарим үйл үг угтвар үггүй (монголоор «-ыг / -тай»), зарим нь тодорхой угтвартай байна.

Угтвар үггүй Тодорхой угтвартай

discuss a problem (Буруу: discuss about)

enter a room (Буруу: enter into / to)

marry someone (Буруу: marry with)

reach a city, approach a gate

wait for, look for, ask for

listen to, belong to

depend on, rely on, believe in

arrive at (барилга) / in (хот, улс)

apologise for, be afraid of, be good at

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
turn off it turn it off Хэлц үйл үгийн завсар төлөөний нэр орно.
We discussed about the problem. We discussed the problem. discuss угтвар үггүй.
She explained me the rule. She explained the rule to me. explain + зүйл + to + хүн.
He married with a doctor. He married a doctor. marry-ийн дараа with хэрэггүй.
I arrived to Beijing. I arrived in Beijing. arrive in / at.

Дасгал ажил

A. Хэлц үйл үгээ сонго

look after, give up, put off, turn on, get on with, run out of, look forward to, find out-аас сонгож зохих хэлбэрт бич.

1. She ___ her little brother while mum is at work.

2. Don't ___! Keep trying.

3. The meeting was ___ until Monday.

4. It's dark. Please ___ the light.

5. I ___ my neighbours very well.

6. We have ___ milk.

7. I'm ___ meeting you.

8. Can you ___ what time the train leaves?

B. Төлөөний нэрээр сольж бич

Тусагдахууныг төлөөний нэрээр сольж өгүүлбэрийг дахин бич.

1. Turn off the TV.

2. Put on your coat.

3. Pick up the books.

4. He looked after the children.

C. Угтвар үгийг нөх

Хэрэгтэй бол угтвар үг бич, хэрэггүй бол «–» тавь.

1. We discussed ___ the problem.

2. I'm waiting ___ the bus.

3. She arrived ___ the airport.

4. He married ___ a doctor.

5. They apologised ___ being late.

6. It depends ___ the weather.

7. Listen ___ me.

8. She entered ___ the room.

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) looks after 2) give up 3) put off 4) turn on 5) get on with 6) run out of 7) looking forward to 8) find out

B. 1) Turn it off. 2) Put it on. 3) Pick them up. 4) He looked after them.

C. 1) – 2) for 3) at 4) – 5) for 6) on 7) to 8) –

13-р бүлэг

Угтвар үг

Prepositions

13.1 Газар ба чиглэл

Угтвар үг Утга Жишээ
in дотор; хот, улс in the room, in Ulaanbaatar, in Mongolia
on гадаргуу дээр; гудамж, давхар on the table, on Peace Avenue, on the second floor
at цэг, хаяг, үйл явдал at the bus stop, at 10 Baga Toiruu, at the concert
under / over / above / below доор / дээгүүр / дээр / доор under the table, over the bridge, above the clouds
between / among хоёрын хооронд / олны дунд between you and me, among the students
in front of / behind / next to өмнө / ард / хажууд in front of the school, behind the house
to / into / out of руу / дотогш / гадагш go to school, walk into the room, run out of the house
through / across / along нэвт / хөндлөн / дагуу through the forest, across the river, along the road
from / towards аас / зүг from Darkhan, towards the city

13.2 Цаг хугацаа

Угтвар үг Хэрэглээ Жишээ
at цаг, зарим үе at 7 o'clock, at night, at noon, at the weekend
on өдөр, огноо on Monday, on 5 May, on Naadam day
in сар, он, улирал, өдрийн хэсэг, зуун in July, in 2026, in summer, in the morning, in the 21st century
since эхэлсэн цагаас since 2018, since Monday
for хугацаагаар for three years, for an hour
during / while үед (during + нэр; while + өгүүлбэр) during the lesson / while I was cooking
by / until гэхэд (хугацаа) / хүртэл (үргэлжлэх) by 5 o'clock (5-аас өмнө) / until 5 o'clock (5 хүртэл)
ago өмнө (Past Simple-тэй) two years ago
before / after / within өмнө / дараа / дотор before lunch, after school, within a week

13.3 Бусад чухал угтвар үг

  • by — арга: by bus, by email, written by Tolstoy

  • with / without — хэрэгсэл, хамт: cut with a knife, a girl with long hair

  • about — тухай: a book about Mongolia

  • like (шиг) ба as (-ын хувьд): She sings like a bird. She works as a teacher.

  • despite / in spite of (-аас үл хамааран) + нэр / -ing: Despite the rain, we went out.

  • because of + нэр: We stayed home because of the rain.

13.4 Тэмдэг нэр + угтвар үг

Угтвар үг Тэмдэг нэрүүд
of afraid of, proud of, tired of, fond of, full of, capable of
at good at, bad at, surprised at, angry at (зүйлд)
in interested in, keen on (Буруу: keen in), successful in
with angry with (хүнд), pleased with, satisfied with, bored with
for famous for, responsible for, ready for, sorry for
from / to different from, similar to, married to, kind to, polite to
about worried about, excited about, sure about

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
in Monday on Monday Өдрийн өмнө on.
at the morning in the morning Өдрийн хэсэг: in.
I am interested on music. I am interested in music. interested in.
I have lived here since three years. I have lived here for three years. Хугацаа → for.
She is married with a doctor. She is married to a doctor. married to.

Дасгал ажил

A. in, on, at, of, to гэх мэтээр бөглө

Зөв угтвар үгийг бич.

1. We have a lesson ___ 9 o'clock.

2. My birthday is ___ May.

3. I was born ___ 2008.

4. The party is ___ Saturday.

5. She lives ___ Ulaanbaatar.

6. Wait for me ___ the bus stop.

7. The book is ___ the table.

8. We go to the countryside ___ summer.

9. He came ___ the morning of 5 June.

10. She is afraid ___ dogs.

11. He is good ___ maths.

12. They arrived ___ Beijing yesterday.

B. since, for, during, while

Зөв үгийг сонго.

1. I've lived here ___ 2015.

2. I've lived here ___ ten years.

3. He fell asleep ___ the film.

4. ___ I was cooking, the phone rang.

5. We haven't met ___ last summer.

6. She studied ___ three hours.

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) at 2) in 3) in 4) on 5) in 6) at 7) on 8) in 9) on 10) of 11) at 12) in

B. 1) since 2) for 3) during 4) While 5) since 6) for

14-р бүлэг

Холбоос үг ба өгүүлбэрийн бүтэц

Conjunctions and sentence structure

Холбоос үг нь үг, хэллэг, өгүүлбэрийг холбоно. Өгүүлбэр гурван төрөлтэй: энгийн (нэг үндсэн өгүүлбэр), зэрэгцсэн нийлмэл (хоёр тэнцүү өгүүлбэр), захирагдсан нийлмэл (үндсэн + дэд өгүүлбэр).

14.1 Зэрэгцүүлэх холбоос (FANBOYS)

Холбоос Утга Жишээ
for учир нь (албан) He was tired, for he had worked all day.
and ба, болон I like tea and coffee.
nor мөн ч … үгүй He doesn't smoke, nor does he drink.
but харин, гэвч He is small but strong.
or эсвэл Tea or coffee?
yet гэсэн ч She is young, yet very wise.
so тиймээс It was raining, so we stayed home.

Хос холбоос: both … and, either … or, neither … nor, not only … but also — Both Bat and Dorj came. Either you leave or I call the police.

14.2 Захируулах холбоос

Утга Холбоос Жишээ
Цаг when, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as, once I will call you as soon as I arrive.
Шалтгаан because, since, as I stayed home because I was ill.
Зөрчил although, though, even though, whereas, while Although it was cold, we went swimming.
Зорилго so that, in order that, in order to She studied hard so that she could pass.
Үр дүн so + adj + that, such + (a) + noun + that It was so cold that we stayed in. It was such a cold day that …
Нөхцөл if, unless, provided that, as long as, in case Unless you hurry, you will be late.
Газар where, wherever Sit where you like.
Шууд бус асуулт if, whether, that I don't know whether he will come.

14.3 Төстэй хэлбэрүүдийн ялгаа

Холбоос + өгүүлбэр Угтвар үг + нэр / -ing

although / though / even though + өгүүлбэр

Although it rained, we went out.

despite / in spite of + нэр / -ing

Despite the rain, we went out.

because + өгүүлбэр

We stayed home because it rained.

because of + нэр

We stayed home because of the rain.

Түгээмэл алдаанууд

Буруу Зөв Тайлбар
Although it was late, but he continued. Although it was late, he continued. although ба but хамт хэрэглэхгүй.
Because I was ill, so I stayed home. Because I was ill, I stayed home. because ба so хамт хэрэглэхгүй.
Despite of the rain Despite the rain / In spite of the rain despite-ийн дараа of байхгүй.
It was so good film. It was such a good film. such + a + adj + noun.
I will call you when I will arrive. I will call you when I arrive. Цагийн өгүүлбэрт Present Simple.

Дасгал ажил

A. Холбоос сонго

Зөв холбоос үгийг бич: although, because, so that, but, despite, when, such, or, whether.

1. ___ it was raining, we went out.

2. I stayed home ___ I was ill.

3. He studied hard ___ he could pass.

4. She is tall, ___ her sister is short.

5. ___ the bad weather, we went out.

6. Call me ___ you arrive.

7. It was ___ a good film that I watched it twice.

8. Hurry up, ___ you will be late.

9. I don't know ___ he will come.

B. Өгүүлбэр нэгтгэ

Хаалтан доторх холбоос үгийг ашигла.

1. It was cold. We went swimming. (although)

2. He was tired. He kept working. (even though)

3. She studied hard. She wanted to pass. (so that)

4. I was late. The bus broke down. (because)

5. He is rich. He is not happy. (but)

Дасгалын хариуг харах

A. 1) Although 2) because 3) so that 4) but 5) Despite 6) when 7) such 8) or 9) whether (if)

B. 1) Although it was cold, we went swimming. 2) He kept working even though he was tired. 3) She studied hard so that she could pass. 4) I was late because the bus broke down. 5) He is rich, but he is not happy.

Хавсралт А

Дүрмийн бус үйл үг

Дүрмийн бус үйл үгийн өнгөрсөн цаг (V2) болон өнгөрсөн цагийн нөхцөлт хэлбэр (V3)-ийг цээжлэх хэрэгтэй. Доор хэлбэрийн төстэй байдлаар бүлэглэв. read үгийн бичиг нэг боловч дуудлага өөр.

Гурван хэлбэр нь адил

V1 (үндсэн) V2 (өнгөрсөн) V3 (нөхцөлт) Монгол утга
bet bet bet мөрий тавих
burst burst burst хагарах, дэлбэрэх
cast cast cast шидэх, цутгах
cost cost cost үнэтэй байх
cut cut cut зүсэх, огтлох
hit hit hit цохих
hurt hurt hurt өвтгөх, гэмтээх
let let let зөвшөөрөх
put put put тавих
quit quit quit орхих, болих
read /riːd/ read /red/ read /red/ унших
set set set байрлуулах, тохируулах
shut shut shut хаах
spread spread spread тархах, тараах

V2 ба V3 нь адил

V1 (үндсэн) V2 (өнгөрсөн) V3 (нөхцөлт) Монгол утга
bend bent bent нугалах
bring brought brought авчрах
build built built барих
buy bought bought худалдан авах
catch caught caught барих
deal dealt dealt харьцах, хэлцэх
feel felt felt мэдрэх
fight fought fought тулалдах
find found found олох
have had had байх, эзэмших
hear heard heard сонсох
hold held held барих, атгах
keep kept kept хадгалах
lay laid laid тавих, дэвсэх
lead led led удирдах, хөтлөх
learn learnt / learned learnt / learned сурах
leave left left орхих, явах
lend lent lent зээлдүүлэх
lose lost lost алдах
make made made хийх, бүтээх
mean meant meant утгатай байх
meet met met уулзах
pay paid paid төлөх
say said said хэлэх
sell sold sold зарах
send sent sent илгээх
shoot shot shot буудах
sit sat sat суух
sleep slept slept унтах
spend spent spent зарцуулах, өнгөрүүлэх
stand stood stood зогсох
sweep swept swept шүүрдэх
teach taught taught заах
tell told told хэлэх, ярих
think thought thought бодох
understand understood understood ойлгох
win won won ялах, хожих

V1, V2, V3 гурвуулаа өөр

V1 (үндсэн) V2 (өнгөрсөн) V3 (нөхцөлт) Монгол утга
be was / were been байх
begin began begun эхлэх
bite bit bitten хазах
blow blew blown үлээх
break broke broken эвдэх, хуглах
choose chose chosen сонгох
do did done хийх
draw drew drawn зурах, татах
drink drank drunk уух
drive drove driven жолоодох
eat ate eaten идэх
fall fell fallen унах
fly flew flown нисэх
forget forgot forgotten мартах
forgive forgave forgiven уучлах
freeze froze frozen хөлдөх
get got got (US: gotten) авах, болох
give gave given өгөх
go went gone явах
grow grew grown ургах, өсөх
hide hid hidden нуух, нуугдах
know knew known мэдэх
lie lay lain хэвтэх
ride rode ridden унах (морь, дугуй)
ring rang rung хонх дуугарах
rise rose risen мандах, дээшлэх
see saw seen харах
shake shook shaken сэгсрэх
show showed shown үзүүлэх
sing sang sung дуулах
sink sank sunk живэх
speak spoke spoken ярих
steal stole stolen хулгайлах
swim swam swum сэлэх
take took taken авах, авч явах
tear tore torn урах
throw threw thrown шидэх
wake woke woken сэрэх, сэрээх
wear wore worn өмсөх
write wrote written бичих

V1 ба V3 нь адил

V1 (үндсэн) V2 (өнгөрсөн) V3 (нөхцөлт) Монгол утга
become became become болох, хувирах
come came come ирэх
run ran run гүйх

Хавсралт Б

Дүрмийн нэр томьёоны толь

Дараах хүснэгтийн сүүлийн багананд хуучин сурах бичгүүдэд хэрэглэгддэг нэр томьёог оруулав.

Монгол нэр томьёо English Хуучин номд
артикль article ялгац гишүүн
нэр үг noun
тоологдох / тоологдохгүй нэр үг countable / uncountable noun
төлөөний нэр pronoun
тэмдэг нэр adjective хавсрал нэр
дайвар үг adverb үйл хавсрал
тооны нэр numeral
үйл үг verb үйл үг
туслах үйл үг auxiliary verb
модаль үйл үг modal verb баймж үйл үг
дүрмийн / дүрмийн бус үйл үг regular / irregular verb
угтвар үг preposition
холбоос үг conjunction
цаг tense
үйлдэх (идэвхтэй) хэв active voice
үйлдэгдэх (идэвхгүй) хэв passive voice идэвхгүй хэв
өгүүлэгдэхүүн (эзэн) subject
өгүүлэхүүн predicate
тусагдахуун (шууд / шууд бус) object (direct / indirect)
тодотгол өгүүлбэр relative clause
нөхцөлт өгүүлбэр conditional sentence болзох өгүүлбэр
шууд / шууд бус яриа direct / reported speech
инфинитив infinitive эс тухайлах төлөв
герунд (-ing) gerund үйлт нэр
нөхцөлт үйл үг participle
хэлц үйл үг phrasal verb
харьцуулсан / дээд зэрэг comparative / superlative
үндсэн / дэд өгүүлбэр main / subordinate clause

© 2026 Д.Отгонбаяр, Энхийг дэмжих ажиллагааны сургалтын төв. Энэхүү гарын авлагыг MissionReady Academy-д бүх хүнд үнэгүй, нээлттэй байршуулав. Хувийн болон сургалтын зорилгоор чөлөөтэй ашиглаж болно; худалдах, зохиогчийн нэргүйгээр дахин нийтлэхийг хориглоно.

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